蒸 看似简单却殊不简单
<SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">蒸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一种看似简单却殊不简单的烹法,颇能考验大厨的功力。都市人在吃过了花样百出的菜肴后,对原始而美味的蒸菜却念念不忘———</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对于“蒸”的初步考证</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中国饮馔,技艺精湛,源远流长。烹饪方法有煮、蒸、烤、焖、烧、炸、炒、烩、炖,等等。在饮食的发展历史上,烤的历史最久,接着是煮,蒸的出现则是建立在烹饪技术的进一步完善之后。世界上最早使用蒸汽烹饪的国家就是中国,并贯穿了整个中国农耕文明,关于蒸最早起源可以追溯到一万多年前的炎、黄时期,我们的祖先从水煮食物的原理中发现了蒸汽可把食物弄熟。在谯周的《古史考》记载中得到进一步的证实:“黄帝时有釜甑,饮食之首始备”,“黄帝始蒸谷为饭,蒸谷为粥”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">小时候看中国的四大古典名著之一的《西游记》中多处讲到,唐僧肉可以长生不老,于是西域的妖魔鬼怪总想把唐僧捉来蒸了吃掉。翻阅地理杂志研究发现,西域干旱少水,又是高原缺氧,根本蒸不熟东西,水至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>75</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃便沸腾了。究其原因是作者、明代著名小说家吴承恩当时任荆王府纪善,荆州(今湖北蕲春县荆州镇)人吃粉蒸肉,粉蒸排骨、粉蒸藕、清蒸鱼、清蒸鸡等,其中盛名远播的要数湖北沔阳(沔阳现称仙桃市,是荆州地区较大的县级市)三蒸。沔阳三蒸至少有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>600</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年历史,相传元末渔家子弟陈友谅在沔阳揭竿而起率众起义</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在攻陷沔阳县城后</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为犒劳兵士</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">陈友谅的夫人潘氏亲自下厨</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">她别出心裁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">将肉、鱼、藕分别拌上大米粉</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">配上佐料</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">装碗上甑</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">猛火蒸熟。蒸出的肉、鱼、藕味美质融</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">兵士啧啧称赞</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从此民间常用“三蒸”款待宾客,喜庆佳节。后来</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“三蒸”的制作越来越精细,除粉蒸肉外,有蒸珍珠丸子、蒸白丸。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">蒸能保持食品的原汁原味,并最大限度地保留食品中所含的营养成分。由于蒸具将食与水分开,纵令水沸,也不致触及食物,使食物的营养价值全部保持于食物内,不易遭受破坏。而且,比起炒、炸等烹饪方法,蒸出来的饭菜所含的油脂要少得多。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">制作关键之一:原料新鲜</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">蒸菜对原料要求极为苛刻,任何不鲜不洁的菜,蒸制出来都暴露无遗。因此蒸菜对原料的形态和质地要求严格,原料必须新鲜,气味纯正。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">广东人嘴刁,吃东西讲求鲜甜,拿手好戏当属蒸鱼了。某位才子曾说过,顺德人把鱼吃到极至,竟可以吃出这鱼生前是否受过惊吓。姑且勿论老饕们是否有此本事,但广东人对蒸鱼的确十分讲究。冻鱼是绝对不配用来蒸的,即使是新鲜活鱼也要在蒸之前先了解鱼的属性,油多的鱼火要猛,也不必淋太多熟油;肉瘦的鱼蒸的时候还要盖上一层薄薄的猪网油或是片薄的猪肥膘,蒸好后揭去,为的是增加滑润的口感。鱼蒸熟了才淋豉油,如果先放盐,盐把水分抽干了,鱼就不鲜了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">制作关键之一:掌握火候</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对于蒸,火候的掌握非常重要。蒸得过老、过生都不行。经过调味后的食品原料放在器皿中,再置入蒸笼利用蒸汽使其成熟,根据食品原料的不同,可分为猛火蒸、中火蒸和慢火蒸三种。一般来讲,蒸时要用强火,但精细材料要使用中火或小火。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN>1.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">待水滚再放材料</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">要蒸东西请先等锅内的水滚再放入材料,蒸时要隔水蒸,但若是要炖东西,则就直接放在水中加热。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN>2.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">加水时请加热水</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">要蒸的时候,锅内必须一直装满热水。水太少的话,蒸气量就会减少,蒸笼边缘也易烧焦。只要水不够就立刻加入热水,温度才不会下降。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN>3.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">蒸的时间、火候依材料而异</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大部分的材料多用大火来蒸,例如:肉或鱼。但是若要蒸蛋时,则最好用小火蒸,其表面才不会有凹处。长时间蒸时,应该尽量避免中途打开盖子,因为这样会让蒸笼内的温度下降。最后,请依照材料的多少、大小来蒸,蒸出来的食物才好吃。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN>4.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">蒸笼</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">    </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传统的蒸笼均以竹子编制所透气性良好,很适于蒸东西。不过若没有竹制蒸笼也没关系,现在的蒸锅效果也不错。但在选购时要注意要买锅盖能够密合的,这样才有效果。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
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